Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1070] Welcome and thank you for joining me. Today, we're discussing a neuropsychological exam, often referred to as a neuropsych exam. This is a specialized test that helps medical professionals understand how your brain functions. It looks at things like memory, attention, language, mood, and problem solving. When does one need a neuropsych exam? A neuropsychological exam is usually recommended when there are signs of memory loss, confusion, mobility issues, or other brain-related cognitive problems. It is most often performed by a trained professional, typically a neuropsychologist. What is involved in a neuropsych exam? The exam is not painful. You may be asked to answer questions, remember words, name pictures, follow directions, position your hands, eyes, arms, and legs in particular ways, or solve puzzles. Some parts are completed with a paper and pencil, while others are done on a computer. In some cases, it may also include checking how you walk or move from place to place, if you're able. The test can take a few hours, but breaks are given as needed. The goal is not to pass or fail, but to understand how your brain is doing at this time. Not all cognitive impairments are significant enough to be considered Dementia, a syndrome comprised of symptoms resulting from a neurodegenerative disorder. Therefore, a neuropsychological exam can provide the medical team with valuable insight into the possible cause or causes of any cognitive changes, and even help rule out some diseases. In addition, it is not the only tool doctors use. They may also review medical history, brain scans, lab tests, and reports from family members, and bring in other specialists to increase the likelihood of a more definitive diagnosis. Medical professionals may repeat the neuropsych exam over time to track changes in thinking or memory. Comparing results can help indicate whether things are remaining stable or changing. If you or a loved one is showing signs of memory or thinking problems, talk to your doctor about whether a neuropsych exam could help. It's one step toward getting answers and the proper care. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you again for joining me today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care of yourself. Disclaimer: We do not endorse or guarantee any products, services, organizations, or external content shared on our site. Real People: Some content produced by the Dementia Society of America may be enhanced or created using Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, Dementia Society content is reviewed by real people, i.e., staff, contributors, and qualified professionals, for accuracy and plain-language clarity. Still, real people and AI can make mistakes. Dementia Society does not provide medical advice; please consult your healthcare professional for specific guidance. Copyright: All Dementia Society content is copyrighted and may only be used with written permission. Contact us.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1094] Welcome, and thank you for joining me. If you've ever wondered who specializes in the health and well-being of older adults, the answer is a geriatrician. What is a geriatrician? A geriatrician is a doctor with specialized training in geriatric medicine, focusing on the unique healthcare needs of people 65 and older. They manage age-related conditions like arthritis, osteoporosis, heart disease, mobility issues, cognitive changes and more, ensuring a holistic approach to aging and eventually end of life. How do geriatricians differ from general practictioners? Unlike general practitioners, geriatricians take a comprehensive view of an older adult's health, addressing not just physical concerns, but also mental, emotional, and social well-being. They work closely with patients, caregivers, and other specialists to create personalized care plans that promote independence and quality of life. Geriatricians also specialize in medication management, reducing the risk of harmful drug interactions, a common concern for seniors on multiple prescriptions. Whether at home in a hospital clinic, or long-term care community, their goal is to help older adults stay as healthy and active as possible. If someone is facing complex health challenges as they age, a geriatrician can provide expert care and guidance. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you for joining today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1156] Welcome, and thank you for joining me. What does DNR mean? DNR stands for, Do Not Resuscitate. It is a medical order that instructs medical personnel and others not to attempt to restart your heart or breathing if they stop. What happens when one has a DNR? If the DNR is known to those helping you, and if they abide by your wishes, it means that, should you have a heart attack or stop breathing, those responding will not use cardiopulmonary resuscitation, also known as CPR, which may include electric shocks or breathing machines to restart life-sustaining functions. Why choose a DNR? People may choose a DNR for many reasons. Some are very sick or have a profound and incurable illness. Others may feel they do not want to go through the pain or stress of emergency lifesaving efforts. It is a personal decision based on health values and wishes. Who should know about a DNR? A DNR is written down in your medical records and should also be shared with your family and care team. You can also ask your medical professional to assist you in completing the form. Having a DNR does not necessarily mean you won't receive care. You may still receive treatment for pain, comfort, and other health needs. It's essential to communicate with loved ones and your doctors so that your wishes are clear. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you for joining me today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care of yourself. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1066] Welcome and thank you for joining me. Today, we're discussing the benefits of carrying or wearing identification information on a bracelet or wristband for both individuals living with Dementia and their care partners. Why is wearing identification important? For someone living with Dementia, leaving a safe place like their home undetected or becoming lost can be a genuine concern and might lead to a situation we call critical wandering, where the person is at risk of death or injury. Having readily accessible identification can make a big difference in these situations. What information should be included when wearing identification? Information found on the card, wristband, or jewelry typically includes, at a minimum, a unique ID number and phone number or website to obtain more details about the person, if they become disoriented or separated from their care partner. First responders or community members can hopefully identify them and contact the responsible party more quickly. This gives families peace of mind, knowing their loved one has a better chance of being returned safely. Once accessed, identification records can also share important health information, such as allergies, medications, medical conditions, and more. This should help those involved provide better care, especially in an emergency when the person may not be able to speak for themselves. Who benefits from wearing identification? But it is not only the person living with Dementia who can benefit. A care partner, wearing or carrying some identification, is also helpful if something happens to the care partner, such as a fall, accident, or medical emergency. First responders or good Samaritans, knowing that the person with ID is responsible for someone with Dementia, help ensure both individuals get the support they need as quickly as possible. Identification should be relatively easy to wear or carry, whereas being able to remove the ID or have it easily left behind should be relatively difficult. Importantly, the ID itself should respect the sensitivity surrounding personal privacy, being findable, noticeable, and comfortable without being stigmatizing. In both cases, whether for the person living with Dementia or their caregiver, wearable identification is a simple, low-cost safety tool that helps protect health, improve communication in emergencies, and reduce stress for families. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you again for joining me today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care of yourself. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Brain Health Word Scramble: San Diego Dementia Society of America® created this word scramble as a brain-healthy activity all about San Diego, California. Brain teasers, such as word scrambles, help strengthen memory, attention, problem-solving skills, and overall brain health. Challenge yourself to think carefully, look for familiar letter patterns, and try to solve each one without looking at the answer key. Take your time and have fun exercising your brain! Open the Scramble PDF and give it a whirl!

Dementia Research Test Tubes Alzheimer's disease is one of the common causes of Dementia, affecting memory, thinking, and behavior. For many years, diagnosing Alzheimer's has been difficult. Doctors typically relied on cognitive tests, medical history, brain scans, or spinal fluid tests to confirm the disease. These methods can be expensive, invasive, or not widely available. Recently, scientists have developed new blood tests that can help detect Alzheimer's disease more easily. These tests are an important step forward, but they also have some limitations that patients and clinicians should understand. How the New Blood Tests for Alzheimer's Disease Work The new blood tests for Alzheimer's disease measure specific proteins linked to the disease. Two of the most important proteins are beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau (p-tau). In Alzheimer's disease, abnormal amounts of these proteins build up in the brain, forming plaques and tangles that damage brain cells. Researchers discovered that certain forms of tau, especially p-tau217, can also be detected in the bloodstream. Elevated levels of this protein often indicate that Alzheimer's-related changes are occurring in the brain. Studies show that blood tests measuring p-tau217 can identify Alzheimer's disease with high accuracy and sometimes perform as well as traditional cerebrospinal fluid tests. In 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration cleared the first blood test designed to assist in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. The test measures the ratio of p-tau217 to beta-amyloid in a blood sample. This approach allows doctors to detect biological signs of Alzheimer's in people who are already experiencing cognitive symptoms. How Clinicians Use Blood Tests for Alzheimer's Disease In most cases, physicians do not use blood tests alone to diagnose Alzheimer's disease. Instead, they are part of a broader evaluation. Doctors still begin with a medical history, neurological exam, and cognitive testing to determine whether a person has memory or thinking problems. If Alzheimer's disease is suspected, a physician may order a blood test to check for disease-related markers. One important role of the blood test is to help doctors decide whether additional testing is needed. Traditionally, confirming Alzheimer's required PET scans or lumbar punctures (spinal taps). Both methods can be expensive or uncomfortable for patients. Blood tests provide a simpler and less invasive way to screen for evidence of Alzheimer's disease. In clinical practice today, doctors may use the blood test in several ways: Screening tool: It can help identify patients who are likely to have Alzheimer's-related changes in the brain. Confirming suspicion: If cognitive symptoms suggest Alzheimer's, the test can increase a clinician's confidence in the diagnosis. Selecting patients for treatment: Some newer Alzheimer's medications target amyloid in the brain. Blood tests can help determine which patients might benefit from these treatments. Research and clinical trials: Researchers are increasingly using blood tests to identify participants for studies of new therapies. Research shows that adding blood testing to routine evaluations can significantly improve diagnostic accuracy and physician confidence. In some studies, diagnostic accuracy has reached over 90% when blood tests are combined with clinical assessment. Advantages of Blood Testing Blood tests offer several benefits compared with older diagnostic methods. First, they are less invasive. A simple blood draw is easier for patients than a spinal tap, which requires inserting a needle into the lower back to collect cerebrospinal fluid. Second, blood tests are easier and less expensive than brain imaging tests like PET scans. Many hospitals and clinics already have the equipment needed to perform blood tests, which could make Alzheimer's diagnosis more widely available. Third, these tests may allow earlier detection of the disease. Some studies suggest that abnormal levels of Alzheimer's-related proteins can appear in the blood years before noticeable memory problems begin. Earlier detection could help patients and families plan for the future, access support services, and potentially benefit from treatments that work best in the early stages of the disease. Downsides and Limitations Despite their promise, blood tests for Alzheimer's disease are not perfect. One limitation is that the tests are still relatively new. Scientists continue to study how well they work across different populations and healthcare settings. Some research suggests that results may vary by patient group, indicating that additional validation is needed before widespread use. Another concern is the possibility of false positives or false negatives. A positive test result may suggest Alzheimer's-related changes even when another condition is responsible for the symptoms. Likewise, some people with early Alzheimer's disease might still test negative if protein levels are not yet high enough to be detected. Blood tests also raise ethical and emotional issues. Learning that someone has biological signs of Alzheimer's—even before symptoms appear—can cause anxiety or uncertainty. Because treatments for Alzheimer's are still limited, some people question whether early testing always benefits patients. Finally, doctors emphasize that these tests should not replace a full clinical evaluation. Memory problems can have many causes, including depression, medication side effects, sleep disorders, or other neurological diseases. The Future of Alzheimer's Diagnosis Blood tests for Alzheimer's disease represent one of the most exciting advances in Dementia research in recent years. By providing a simpler and more accessible way to detect disease-related changes, they could help doctors diagnose Alzheimer's earlier and more accurately. However, experts stress that these tests are just one part of the diagnostic process. Continued research will help refine their use, determine the best cutoff values for test results, and clarify how testing should guide treatment decisions. As researchers develop new treatments and prevention strategies, blood tests may become an increasingly important tool in the fight against Alzheimer's disease—helping clinicians identify the disease earlier and improving care for millions of patients and families. Additional Reading: Wisch JK and Ances BM. Ruling in, ruling out: the clinical utility of plasma biomarkers in diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. J Clinical Investigation October 1, 2025. Ashton NJ et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a plasma phosphorylated tau 217 immunoassay for Alzheimer's disease pathology. J American Medical Association Neurology: January 22, 2024. Mondal S. Blood test boosts Alzheimer's diagnosis accuracy to 94.5%, clinical study shows. Medical Xpress, February 22, 2026. Simple blood test can forecast Alzheimer's years before memory loss. Science Daily, February 23, 2026. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Organization is important for several different reasons. When you stop to think about it, the opposite of organization is chaos, and chaos is synonymous with stress. When we look at the pillars of effective brain training: cognitive, physical, metabolic, and lifestyle factors, we see how stress relates directly to lifestyle factors. Many of these come with at least some level of personal control. Organization is an important factor in managing stress and ensuring your brain experiences as few unnecessary distractions as possible. If you're living by the seat of your pants and organizing your day with countless Post-it notes or digital notes, it can bog you down. Also, when you're not accomplishing things, it can give you a sense of fear and worry because you're not fully doing the things you feel you are supposed to be doing. A lack of organization can be a significant challenge in your life. Simply crossing things off your to-do list doesn't mean that you are organized. To a certain degree, it might make more sense to sit down and write a 'to-not-do list'. Sometimes you can look at your current to-do list and find things that have been on there for months, if not years. If you're not doing those things, then it probably means they are not all that important. Stop The Chaos! Getting control of your thoughts and energy with a to-do/not-do list can be quite liberating. It can even start to eliminate some of the fear and worry that comes from not getting everything done. There is a great deal of research showing that fear and worry are the two most damaging emotions for the human brain. They contribute to the production of significant amounts of stress hormones. These hormones circulate throughout the body and can damage certain brain regions that support learning. They can even damage connections within the brain. The more we do to eliminate those two emotions, the better off our brains will be. Some people might find that taking 10 or 15 minutes on Sunday evenings to organize their week can be incredibly powerful. You don't have to go into minute detail. Simply prioritizing and putting your top tasks for the week can take a great deal of stress out of the week ahead. It can also help you think better, sleep better, and interact more efficiently with friends, family, and coworkers. Contributor Author: Dr. Michael Trayford is a Board Certified Chiropractic Neurologist and Founder of APEX Brain Centers in Asheville, NC. For more information, please visit our Author's page. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

People with type 2 diabetes are more likely to develop Dementia as they age. Scientists believe this may happen because high blood sugar can damage blood vessels and increase inflammation in the brain. The good news is that some diabetes treatments may help protect the brain as well as control blood sugar. Researchers are now studying whether certain diabetes medicines can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other types of Dementia. Many of these studies are based on large clinical trials or reviews of patient records from health systems around the world. Why Diabetes and Dementia Are Connected Type 2 diabetes affects how the body uses insulin. Over time, high blood sugar can harm the heart, kidneys, nerves, and brain. Studies have shown that people with diabetes have a greater chance of memory problems and Dementia later in life. Doctors think several things may explain this link: Damage to blood vessels in the brain Long-term inflammation Problems with insulin signaling in brain cells Increased risk of stroke and heart disease Because of this connection, researchers are asking an important question: Can diabetes treatments also help protect the brain? Metformin: The Long-Used Diabetes Drug Metformin is often the first medicine doctors prescribe for type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood sugar by helping the body use insulin better. Some earlier studies suggested metformin might help protect memory and thinking skills. Scientists believed it could reduce inflammation and improve brain energy use. However, newer research has shown mixed results. Some retrospective studies found little difference in Dementia risk among people taking metformin compared with other treatments. Researchers now believe metformin may provide some brain benefits, but the evidence is not yet strong enough to say it clearly lowers Dementia risk. Even so, metformin remains an important and effective treatment for controlling blood sugar. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Promising New Option One group of medicines getting a lot of attention is called GLP-1 receptor agonists, often shortened to GLP-1 drugs. These medicines include semaglutide and liraglutide. GLP-1 drugs help the body release insulin after meals and can also help with weight loss. Researchers have discovered these medicines may also affect the brain. In a large retrospective study published in BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, researchers compared people taking GLP-1 drugs with people taking metformin. The study included more than 87,000 matched patients in each group. The researchers found that people taking GLP-1 medicines had a lower risk of overall Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and non-vascular Dementias. The strongest benefits appeared in older adults and women. Scientists think GLP-1 medicines may help by: Reducing inflammation in the brain Improving blood flow Helping brain cells use energy better Crossing the blood-brain barrier and acting directly on the brain Although the results are exciting, researchers say more randomized clinical trials are needed before doctors can say these medicines directly prevent Dementia. SGLT2 Inhibitors and Brain Health Another newer class of diabetes medicine is called SGLT2 inhibitors. These medicines help the kidneys remove excess sugar from the bloodstream. Recent studies suggest SGLT2 inhibitors may also lower Dementia risk. One large observational study from South Korea followed more than 220,000 adults with type 2 diabetes. Researchers compared people taking SGLT2 inhibitors with those taking another diabetes medicine called a DPP-4 inhibitor. The study found that people taking SGLT2 inhibitors had: A 35% lower risk of Dementia A 39% lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease A 52% lower risk of vascular dementia Researchers are still learning why these medicines may protect the brain. Some experts believe the drugs improve heart and blood vessel health, which may also improve brain health. What Do Large Reviews Show? Scientists often combine many studies together in what is called a meta-analysis. This helps researchers look for patterns across very large groups of patients. A 2025 meta-analysis reviewed 18 observational studies involving more than 3 million people with type 2 diabetes. The researchers found that both GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors were linked to lower Dementia risk. The analysis showed: GLP-1 drugs were associated with lower rates of Alzheimer’s disease SGLT2 inhibitors were linked to lower rates of all-cause Dementia and vascular Dementia Older adults seemed to benefit the most Still, the researchers warned that observational studies cannot fully prove cause and effect. What This Means for Patients Right now, no diabetes medicine is officially approved to prevent Dementia. But researchers are hopeful. The evidence suggests that newer diabetes medicines, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors, may offer additional brain benefits beyond blood sugar control. Doctors still choose diabetes treatments based on many factors, including: Blood sugar levels Heart disease risk Kidney health Weight goals Side effects Cost and insurance coverage Patients should never change medications without speaking with a healthcare provider. Looking Ahead Scientists are continuing to study how diabetes affects the brain. Future clinical trials may help doctors better understand whether some diabetes medicines can truly slow or prevent Dementia. For now, the best ways to protect brain health include: Managing blood sugar Staying physically active Eating a healthy diet Controlling blood pressure Getting enough sleep Staying socially and mentally active As researchers learn more, diabetes care may someday help protect both the body and the brain. Sources Evaluating GLP-1 receptor agonists versus metformin as first-line therapy for reducing dementia risk in type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 2025. Diabetes medications and dementia risk: Comparisons of SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and metformin. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 2025. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association of SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists With Dementia Risk. Diabetes Journal, 2025. Comparative effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists with other antidiabetic drugs on dementia risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes. The Lancet eClinicalMedicine, 2024. Type 2 diabetes drug associated with 35% lower risk of dementia, study finds. The Guardian, 2024. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Can something as simple as listening to music help protect your brain as you age? Recent research suggests it might. A large study connected to the ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons (ALSOP) found that music may play an important role in keeping our minds healthy. Let’s break down what this study is, what it looked at, and why music could matter more than we think. What Is the ALSOP Study? The ALSOP study is a long-term research project that looks at how people age. It follows thousands of older adults over time to understand how lifestyle, health, and daily habits affect their well-being. ALSOP is part of a larger project called ASPREE (ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly). Together, these studies track many aspects of aging, including memory, physical health, and the risk of syndromes such as Dementia. The main goal of ALSOP is simple: to find ways to help older adults stay healthy, independent, and mentally sharp for as long as possible. What Did Researchers Want to Learn? In one part of the ALSOP research, scientists asked a big question: Can music help protect the brain from Dementia? To explore this, researchers studied more than 10,800 adults aged 70 and older. They looked at how often people: Listened to music Played musical instruments Did both Then they followed these individuals over time to see who developed Dementia or memory problems. What Did the ALSOP Study Find? The results were surprising—and encouraging. People who regularly listened to music had a much lower risk of developing Dementia. In fact: Those who always listened to music had about a 39% lower risk of Dementia. They also had a 17% lower risk of cognitive impairment, which means fewer problems with memory and thinking. Playing an instrument also helped: It was linked to about a 35% lower risk of Dementia. And people who did both—listening and playing—also showed strong benefits. Even more interesting, people who listened to music often had better memory and thinking skills over time. Why Might Music Help the Brain? Scientists are still learning exactly why music helps, but they have some strong ideas. Music is powerful because it activates many parts of the brain at once. It can: Improve memory Boost attention Support emotional health Encourage social connection In fact, researchers say music may help build what’s called “cognitive resilience.” This means the brain becomes stronger and better able to handle the effects of aging. Another key point is that brain health is not determined solely by age or genetics. Lifestyle choices—like staying active, social, and mentally engaged—also play a big role. Music fits perfectly into this idea because it is easy, enjoyable, and accessible. What Are the Limits of the ALSOP Study? While the results are exciting, there is one important thing to remember: The study does not prove that music directly prevents Dementia. It shows a strong link, but not cause and effect. This means: People who listen to music may also have other healthy habits Music could be one part of a bigger lifestyle that supports brain health Still, the findings are strong enough that experts believe music could be a helpful tool. Why This Matters Dementia is a growing global health concern. As people live longer, more families are affected by memory loss and cognitive decline. Right now, there is no cure for Dementia. That’s why prevention and delay are so important. The ALSOP study suggests something hopeful: small, everyday activities—like listening to music—may help protect the brain. And unlike many medical treatments, music is: Low-cost Easy to access Enjoyable That makes it a powerful option for many people. Simple Takeaways Here are a few key lessons from the ALSOP research: Listening to music regularly may lower the risk of Dementia Music can support memory and thinking skills Lifestyle choices play a big role in brain health Even simple habits can make a difference over time Final Thoughts The ALSOP study gives us a new way to think about brain health. It reminds us that caring for our minds doesn’t always require complicated solutions. Sometimes, it can be as simple as pressing play on your favorite song. Whether it’s singing along, listening to a playlist, or playing an instrument, music may be more than entertainment—it may be a tool for healthier aging. Sources and Further Reading Music can stave off dementia by up to 40% (Monash University) ASPREE study finds music can stave off dementia Cohort Profile: ALSOP Study (International Journal of Epidemiology) Listening to Music May Cut Dementia Risk by 39% (Neuroscience News) Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

A couple learns about various options to pay for Dementia care. Paying for care needs can be expensive, especially as we age, and planning is essential. The National Institute on Aging has put together a resource page for paying for long-term care needs. According to the NIA, “some people believe that their current health or disability insurance will pay for their long-term care needs, but most of these insurance policies include limited, if any, long-term care benefits. In most cases, people must find other means of paying for long-term care. They may rely on a variety of payment sources, including personal funds, federal and state government programs, and private financing options”. When discussing private financing options, the National Institute on Aging mentions: ”There are several private payment options, including long-term care insurance, reverse mortgages, certain life insurance policies, annuities, and trusts.” That’s right – a life insurance policy can be an option for funding long-term care needs. How Can Life Insurance Policies Be Used to Finance Care? First, a life insurance policy may have “critical illness” or “accelerated death” benefits in the policy. A call to the insurance company or your insurance agent will tell you if your policy has either of these benefits, if you qualify, and how to access them. Second, a life insurance policy can be sold. Most people do not know this is an option, so here is a deeper dive into the details. A life insurance policy is an asset that you own. Policies are sold for a lump sum of money through what is called a life insurance settlement. Life insurance settlements are legal (since 1911) and highly regulated by the Departments of Insurance in each state, offering a safe alternative for clients. Policies can be worth tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of dollars. The money clients receive from selling their policy can be used for anything. And any type of policy can be sold, including term policies. A client recently sold her $1,000,000 term life insurance policy to pay for future care needs. The client does not need care now, but knows she will in the future. She sold the policy for $480,000, giving her the financial freedom she needed to quit her job and focus on her health. To find out how much a client’s policy is worth can take 60 – 90 days. A client’s medical records and premium projections from the insurance company need to be obtained. Life insurance settlement brokers will obtain this information on behalf of the client. Then buyers will evaluate this information and make an offer. Clients are not obligated to accept any offers from buyers, so it is a free, no-obligation appraisal of their policy. Once a client accepts an offer, it can take another 4 – 6 weeks to complete the sale process, so this is a longer-term solution and not a short-term source of funding. As mentioned above, the market and process are highly regulated to protect clients. The purchasers of policies are usually institutional investors, and each buyer must be approved by the Department of Insurance in the state where the client lives. HIPAA protections, strong financials, and policy trackability must be demonstrated to protect clients. Selling a life insurance policy may not be right for everyone, and a client should consult with their advisors before considering a life insurance settlement. In the right circumstances, a life insurance settlement can help clients secure the funding they need to live comfortably for the rest of their lives. If you would like more details regarding all of the options for paying for long-term care, here is the link to the National Institute on Aging website referenced in this blog: Paying for Long-Term Care | National Institute on Aging Author: Lisa Rehburg Lisa Rehburg is President of Rehburg Life Settlements, a life settlement broker serving clients in all 50 states. Her fiduciary duty to her clients is to market their policies to obtain the highest possible amount of money for them. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Diagnosing Dementia in older adults is difficult because many individuals have multiple medical conditions with symptoms that include some degree of cognitive impairment. Recently, research has focused on a form of Dementia that generally develops slowly in adults in their 80s and 90s. Called “LATE”; it is believed to affect about ten percent of people over 65, and about 20 to 50 percent of those aged 85 and older. (1) LATE can be confused with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) because it also typically involves memory loss, but symptoms of LATE are generally limited to impaired memory and difficulty finding words or naming objects. AD, in contrast, typically progresses, affecting the ability to plan, organize, and perform tasks, as well as causing mood and behavioral changes. What is LATE? The longer an older person’s symptoms are limited to forgetting, without the development of significant other cognitive features, the likelier the correct diagnosis is LATE. (2) LATE is an abbreviation for “Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy”, and TDP-43 is a protein that can become toxic. This disease involves abnormal clumps of the protein that accumulate in the brain and disrupt the cell’s vital functions, resulting in the death of neurons (the brain cells that control everything we think, feel, and do). Neuron death also occurs in AD as a result of the abnormal accumulation in the brain of two other toxic proteins, amyloid and tau. With the development of anti-amyloid therapies for AD, misdiagnosing LATE as AD could subject patients to unnecessary therapeutic risks and may cause them to miss out on effective therapy. How Is LATE Diagnosed? There is currently no validated test or biomarker to detect abnormal accumulations of TDP-43 in a living person. LATE must be considered as a possible diagnosis of Dementia in an older adult if imaging of the brain reveals significant atrophy of the hippocampus, which is a consistent symptom of LATE. (5) Also suggestive of LATE would be Dementia but the absence or scarcity of the AD biomarker amyloid, and especially the absence of the AD biomarker tau. The population of people over age 85 is predicted to continue to increase substantially in the near future, and LATE is likely to become a public health burden unless effective preventative and therapeutic strategies are developed. Encouragingly, there are signs of progress. A clinical trial in the United Kingdom is evaluating a treatment designed to target the underlying disease process, offering hope for future therapies. At the same time, the development of blood-based tests and PET imaging markers for TDP-43 has become a major scientific priority, and these new diagnostic tools are on the horizon. (4) These advances offer reasons for cautious optimism that accessible diagnosis and treatment of LATE may soon be within reach. Author: Carol A. Butler, Ph.D. cabutler@seetheotherside.org December, 2025 References 1) Hoffman, M. 2019. Diagnostic guidelines developed for LATE, new Alzheimer-like brain disorder. www.neurologylive.com. Accessed December 21, 2025. 2) Nag, S. et al. 2017. TDP-43 pathology and memory impairment in elders without pathologic diagnoses of AD or FTLD. Neurology. Feb 14:88(7),653-660. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003610 3) Nelson, P. et al. 2019. Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report. Brain. 142,1503-1527. 4) Vokali, E. et al. 2025. Discovery and preclinical development of (18F)ACI-19626, a first-in-class TDP-43 tracer. Nature Communications. 16, 9358. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64540-6 5) Wolk, D. et al. 2025. Clinical criteria for limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy. Alzheimer's Dementia, Jan:21(1).e14202. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.1420 Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Clinical Research Depends on Volunteers We previously discussed the two main types of clinical research: clinical trials and observational trials. Both types of clinical research support our understanding of how Dementia develops and which practices or treatments can affect the disease and manage symptoms. Both types also share a common, very important feature: they involve human participants who have volunteered to take part in scientific studies. If you or a loved one is interested in helping to advance our understanding of the disease, its impact on caregivers, or what treatments may delay or prevent the disease or help manage symptoms, then read on. You'll learn about different resources you can tap into to participate. How to Get Involved in Dementia Research Research cannot move forward without volunteers. If you or a loved one is interested in contributing to scientific progress, here are ways to get involved: 1. Ask Your Healthcare Provider Talk with your neurologist or primary care provider about ongoing clinical trials that may be appropriate. 2. Explore Clinical Trial Registries ClinicalTrials.gov allows you to search by condition and location. The Lewy Body Dementia Association Trial Tracker lists active studies. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) maintains information about Alzheimer’s and related Dementias research. 3. Join Research Registries Some programs allow individuals to register their interest and be contacted about future studies. Here are a few examples: NIH-Funded ResearchMatch A national volunteer registry that helps people of all ages and health backgrounds find clinical studies (not just Dementia-related). It matches volunteers to researchers based on health interests and allows sign-ups with basic information. Alzheimer's Prevention Registry A registry aimed at people interested in Alzheimer’s prevention research. Individuals receive updates on prevention-focused studies, notification of clinical trial opportunities, and research news. UCSF Brain Health Registry An online registry where volunteers help accelerate research for Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, PTSD, and other brain disorders. Participants complete questionnaires and may be contacted over time for specific studies. More research registry options are available here. 4. Participate in Observational Studies Not all research involves medications. Some studies focus on brain imaging, memory testing, or blood markers to better understand disease progression. 5. Consider Brain Health Studies Prevention and early-detection research often includes people without Dementia but at risk. Participation is always voluntary, and researchers explain potential risks and benefits before enrollment. Moving Forward Together At Dementia Society of America, we believe knowledge empowers families. While there is no cure yet, today’s research is more diverse, targeted, and hopeful than ever before. If you have questions about research opportunities or would like help finding reliable information, we’re here to support you. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.