Have you ever felt tired or foggy after eating junk food? That might be because some foods cause inflammation in the body, which can also affect the brain. Scientists have found that inflammation may increase the risk of Dementia, a condition that makes it hard for people to remember things and think clearly. One way researchers study this link is by using something called the Dietary Inflammation Index (DII). This index measures how much a person’s diet causes inflammation. The higher the score, the more inflammatory the diet is. Let’s explore how DII and Dementia are connected and what foods can help keep the brain healthy. What is the Dietary Inflammation Index (DII)? The Dietary Inflammation Index (DII) is a system scientists created to measure how much a diet increases or decreases inflammation in the body. Some foods fight inflammation and help the brain, while others worsen inflammation. Foods that increase inflammation (high DII score): Sugary drinks Processed meats (like bacon and hot dogs) Fried foods White bread and pasta Fast food Foods that lower inflammation (low DII score): Fruits (like blueberries and oranges) Vegetables (like spinach and broccoli) Nuts (like almonds and walnuts) Whole grains (like brown rice and oats) Fatty fish (like salmon) When people eat more inflammatory foods, their DII score goes up. A high DII score has been linked to a higher risk of diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and Dementia. How Does Inflammation Affect the Brain? Inflammation is the body's way of protecting itself from harm; when you get a cut, it turns red and puffy, indicating that your immune system is at work fighting infection. But when inflammation lasts too long, it can damage cells, including brain cells. This can lead to memory loss and problems with thinking, which are signs of Dementia. Scientists believe that a diet high in inflammatory foods can: Increase damage to brain cells, making it harder to think and remember things. Raise the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, a common type of Dementia. Cause poor blood flow to the brain, affecting learning and memory. What Can You Do to Protect Your Brain? The good news is that choosing the right foods can help lower inflammation and reduce the risk of Dementia. The Dementia Society of America® recommends some easy ways to follow a brain-friendly diet: Eat more colorful fruits and vegetables: The more colors on your plate, the better for your brain! Choose whole grains: Swap white bread for whole wheat or brown rice. Add healthy fats: Avocados, olive oil, and nuts are great for brain health. Drink more water: Avoid sugary sodas and drink water or herbal teas instead. Limit junk food: Eat fewer fast foods, fried foods, and processed snacks. Conclusion What you eat today can affect your brain health in the future. A diet high in inflammatory foods can increase the risk of Dementia, but choosing healthy, anti-inflammatory foods can help keep your brain sharp. By eating well, you’re not just feeding your body—you’re also protecting your memory and future! Author: AI-Assisted Human-Edited Staff Writer Additional Reading: Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., Rashidkhani, B. (2017). Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in Older Adults. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 58(2), 515–523.DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161202 Wirth, M. D., Shivappa, N., Davis, L., et al. (2018). The Dietary Inflammatory Index, Cognitive Function, and Dementia Risk: A Review of Observational Studies. Nutrients, 10(8), 1100. DOI: 10.3390/nu10081100 Zamroziewicz, M. K., Paul, E. J., Zwilling, C. E., Barbey, A. K. (2018). The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Dietary Inflammatory Index in Cognitive Aging and Brain Health. Nutritional Neuroscience, 22(10), 1–12. DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2018.1476054 Kesse-Guyot, E., Andreeva, V. A., Lassale, C., et al. (2017). Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Function: A Review of Evidence. Advances in Nutrition, 8(4), 570–580. DOI: 10.3945/an.116.014480 Harvard Health Publishing. How Inflammation Affects the Brain and Memory. https://www.health.harvard.edu Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1127] Welcome and thank you for joining me. Today we will talk about how to respond to paranoia in people living with Dementia. What is paranoia? Paranoia means that a person believes something is happening that is not real. For example, they may think someone is stealing from them, hiding things, or trying to harm them. These feelings can be very real and scary to the person even if they are not true. Why does paranoia happen? As Dementia changes the brain, memory, thinking and judgment can be affected. When someone forgets where they put something, they may believe it has been stolen. When they feel confused, they may think people are against them. These are symptoms of the underlying syndrome of Dementia, not signs of bad character. How should you respond? First, stay calm and gentle. Do not argue or try to prove them wrong, as this often makes the situation worse. Instead, listen and show understanding. You might say, "I can see you're upset. Let's look for your wallet, together." This builds trust and reduces fear. Second, offer comfort and reassurance. A soft tone of voice, a gentle touch on the hand, or simply sitting nearby can make them feel safer. Third, try to reduce possible triggers. Keep important items like glasses, keys, or purses in the same spot each day. Good lighting and a quiet environment can also help lessen confusion. Finally, if paranoia happens often, share your observations with a healthcare provider. They may suggest treatments, strategies, or support to make life easier for both the person with Dementia and their caregivers. Remember, patience and kindness are the most powerful tools you can use. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you again for joining me today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care of yourself. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1031] Welcome, and thank you for joining me. What Is Elopement? At some point, a person living with Dementia may elope. Elopement is a dangerous situation where the person leaves a safe environment undetected. It's not necessarily wandering, as that implies a casual aimlessness. We prefer to call the behavior critical wandering, to differentiate it from enjoyable wandering or meandering, because it is serious and can lead to critical injury or death. Often elopement happens when the person seeks a place of comfort from their distant past, like a favorite workplace, vacation spot, or childhood home. Another reason is feeling threatened or anxious in their current environment. Moreover, the person may not recognize their home and can mistake people they love as strangers or invaders. What Are Ways to Reduce the Risks Associated With Elopement? To reduce the risk, secure the home with difficult-to-open locks and simple motion or door sensors that sound off with activation. Consider getting an identification wristband for the person to wear, as it can help reunite the person with loved ones if found, especially if they are severely disoriented or can't express themselves clearly. A structured daily routine can help prevent restlessness. Regular physical activity and engaging tasks may reduce the urge to elope. Maintaining proper hydration throughout the day and providing regular bathroom opportunities also help. Anxiety and confusion may also lead to elopement, so maintain a calm environment and offer companionship. If the person tries to leave, avoid confrontation. Instead, redirect their focus to a familiar activity or conversation. Keep house and car keys, large handbags and luggage out of sight, as they can trigger the desire to leave. Inform neighbors and local authorities so they can assist if needed. Having a response plan ensures quicker action if elopement occurs. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you for joining today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1044] Welcome and thank you for joining me. Today, we're talking about Vascular Dementia. This is a type of Dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. The brain requires oxygen and nutrients to function correctly. When blood cannot reach certain areas of the brain, those parts can become damaged, likely resulting in significant cognitive challenges. Vascular Dementia often happens after a stroke or after many small strokes over time. These small strokes are sometimes called mini strokes, or TIAs, which stands for Transient Ischemic Attacks. A TIA is a brief blockage of blood flow in the brain. It doesn't usually cause lasting damage, but it's a warning sign that a bigger stroke could happen. Another term you might hear is multi-infarct Dementia. This means a person has had many small strokes that slowly cause damage in different parts of the brain. Over time, these seemingly insignificant and almost unnoticeable blood vessel injuries accumulate and can have a lasting impact on brain function. Common signs and symptoms of Vascular Dementia may include poor attention, confusion, trouble walking, mood changes, problems making decisions, and urinary incontinence. Unlike Alzheimer's disease, memory loss may not be the first sign, but it often shows up later. There is no cure, but treatment may slow the progression and might alleviate symptoms. Medical professionals may recommend managing high blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and other cardiovascular conditions. Quitting smoking, eating a healthier diet, getting more active, and taking medications as directed are likely to be strongly advised. If you notice changes in thinking or movement in yourself or a loved one, talk to a medical professional. Getting help early means better planning and better care. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you again for joining me today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care of yourself. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

#10signs #22clues #dementia When you have a scratchy throat, it could be a clue that you're catching a cold, but it could also be that you've been talking nonstop all day and need to hydrate yourself with water. Yet, if it progresses, you may have difficulty swallowing coupled with a burning gulp - that's a symptom. And lastly, when the doctor does a throat culture, it may prove to be a sign of infection. The words “signs” and “symptoms” are not interchangeable. Signs are measurable and observable. Examples of measurable signs include having a fever, high blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose levels. Examples of observable signs are rashes and bleeding. Some signs associated with Dementia are balance difficulties, disorientation concerning time and space, and loss of specific cognitive skills. Symptoms, on the other hand, are subjective. A person with an easily observed sign of such a rash might describe the rash as somewhat itchy or perhaps as very itchy. The rash is the sign, and itchiness is the symptom. Know the Signs and Symptoms of Dementia There are widely available charts, infographics, training slides, websites, and handouts about the "10 Signs" of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that are the focus of many explanations of Dementia. Unfortunately, for some, it's as if AD were the only cause of Dementia, and if you don't have one of the "10 Signs," you likely don't have Dementia. But that's far from factual. Many of the "signs" listed in these handouts are symptoms. In addition, listing only ten may shortchange those living with a different form of Dementia. Dementia is a syndrome, an umbrella under which AD exists, which includes many more causes of Dementia beyond AD. That's why the Dementia Society prefers to think about clues to Dementia initially. "Clues" are a combination of leading signs and early symptoms. They’re like little bits of "Hmmm, that's interesting." information that can generally be detected only when in close proximity and prolonged engagement with the person living with Dementia. Medical imaging, as well as post-mortem analysis of very small pieces of brain tissue, can reveal the signs of structural brain changes linked to the various types of Dementia. Symptoms associated with Dementia include forgetfulness and personality changes. Knowing and following the signs, symptoms, and clues of Dementia can help you anticipate and plan for the challenges you will likely experience. Progression and which clues appear first are often crucial to differentiating Alzheimer’s disease from other kinds of Dementia. People living with early-stage AD may experience gradual memory loss, increasing difficulty remembering newly learned information, and trouble completing complex tasks such as planning a family event. Yet, personality changes such as unexpected anger, increasing difficulty in finding the right words, unsteadiness on their feet, lack of inhibitions, and even hallucinations and delusions are often associated with other conditions and diseases that may cause Dementia. Some of the characteristics of mid-stage Dementia include the worsening of early-stage signs and symptoms as well as becoming restless, suspicious of others, and confrontational, as well as needing help with dressing and personal hygiene. At this stage, your loved one will need close supervision and assistance during the day and perhaps a caregiver during the night. By the time your loved one has entered late-stage Dementia, he or she may be unable to speak coherently, swallow without choking, or control their bladder or bowels. During this final stage, your loved one will need 24-hour care at home, in a Dementia care facility, or in hospice. Early-stage Dementia, when things are relatively calm, is an excellent time to research community resources, caregiver support, and the eventuality of full-time care —as your loved one transition from early to late-stage Dementia, knowing your options will make finding local services and assistance less stressful. The Dementia Society of America® offers many tools to learn more about recognizing the signs, symptoms, and clues, as well as care planning. Here’s a link to further understand the 22 Clues™. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Lewy body Dementia, or Dementia with Lewy bodies, is the second most common type of progressive Dementia following Alzheimer’s disease. The disease is characterized by protein deposits in nerve cells in the brain regions that control thinking, memory, visual processing, and motor control. In this article, we’re taking a deep dive into Lewy body Dementia to explore its origins, symptoms, and treatments, and therapies that can help you or a loved one navigate your Dementia journey. Fact # 1: Lewy body Dementia is one of the primary causes of Dementia in older adults. Usually beginning after age 50, Lewy body Dementia affects more than one million people in the United States. Experts have discovered that it appears to affect more men than women, making gender one of the primary risk factors. Other risk factors include advancing age and a family history of Lewy body dementia or Parkinson’s disease. Fact # 2: Lewy body Dementia is named after the scientist Fredrich H. Lewy. While researching Parkinson's disease in the early 20th century, the German-born American neurologist Friedrich H. Lewy discovered abnormal protein deposits on the brain later called Lewy bodies. When these Lewy body proteins build up, they can disrupt the brain's normal functioning and cause problems with how the brain works, affecting memory, movement, thinking skills, mood, and behaviors. Fact # 3: Lewy body Dementia is a progressive disease with a range of cognitive and physical symptoms. The symptoms of Lewy body Dementia emerge slowly and gradually worsen with time, making it a progressive disease. In the early stages, people living with this type of Dementia may experience mild symptoms that allow them to function relatively normally. As the disease advances, people may notice changes in alertness and attention or movement and posture, including confusion, hallucinations, and muscle stiffness. In the later disease stages, people living with Lewy body Dementia often depend on others for assistance and care. Fluctuating alertness and thinking functions Repeated visual hallucinations Parkinsonian symptoms REM sleep behavior disorder, where people act out dreams while sleeping Fact # 4: Lewy body Dementia can be hard to diagnose. There is no single test to diagnose Lewy body Dementia. Doctors diagnose the disease by ruling out other conditions with similar symptoms. For instance, Lewy body disease shares similar symptoms with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, causing experts to speculate that it might be related. Lewy body Dementia diagnostic testing may include neurological and physical exams, mental ability assessments, blood tests, brain scans, and heart tests. In addition to the test findings, a Lewy body disease diagnosis requires a progressive decline in thinking abilities and two of the following: Fact # 5: Currently, there is no cure for Lewy body Dementia, but treatments and therapies can help alleviate the symptoms. Doctors often use medications to help people living with Lewy body Dementia. Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease medications can treat neurological and physical symptoms, while other medications can offer relief from sleep and movement problems. Some people living with Lewy body Dementia find non-drug approaches helpful, such as modifying the environment to reduce distractions, receiving soothing responses for reassurance, and following daily routines with simple tasks. Physical, occupational, speech, and mental health therapies can also play a role in symptom relief. Our Ginny Gives grant program provides other healing therapies that help people connect through art, music, dance, and touch. Fact # 6: There are many supportive resources available to help people living with Lewy body Dementia and their families and caretakers. Our supportive resources provide much-needed information, local resources, and life-enrichment programs to enhance the lives of individuals and families affected by Lewy body and other types of Dementia, including: Truthful definitions to expand your vocabulary Care education to guide your decisions Dementia help resources to further your understanding and learn how to help Brain health information from reliable and trustworthy sources Relevant and topical streaming program for individuals and caregivers. No-fee memorial registration to pay tribute to a life well-lived To learn more about our programs and offerings that can help people living with Lewy body disease and other types of Dementia, contact us online or call 1-800-DEMENTIA (1-800-336-3684). Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer # 1158] Welcome, and thank you for joining me. Today, we're talking about clinical trials for disorders that can cause Dementia, and interventions that might seek to avoid cognitive decline or enhance overall brain health. What is a Clinical Trial? A typical clinical trial is a research study that helps researchers learn more about how to treat or manage a disease or syndrome. Individuals who join clinical trials may try new medicines, non-medical therapies, or care methods that are not yet widely available. There are clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease, vascular Dementia, Lewy body Dementia, frontotemporal Dementia, and other Dementia-related conditions. Some trials test new drugs to slow memory loss or protect brain cells. Others study changes in diet, exercise, or sleep to see if they help people think more clearly or feel better. Before joining a clinical trial, the person living with Dementia and their family will learn what the study involves. This should include discussing the risks, the possible benefits, and what the time commitment is. All trials are voluntary, and participants can usually stop at any time. Medical and research teams closely watch clinical trials to keep people safe. Moreover, some trials may pay for travel or offer small payments for taking part. One of the most significant benefits of joining a trial is that it can help you or others in the future by contributing to the search for better treatments or even cures. If you or a loved one is interested, talk to your medical team or visit trusted websites like clinical trials.gov to learn more. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you again for joining me today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care of yourself. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

A recent editorial in JAMA Neurology (1) suggested that there may be a general decline in Dementia risk in the future because of better brain health due to worldwide improvements in the standard of living, education, and prevention and treatment of serious diseases. This provocative speculation contradicts the more common and dire predictions of a significant increase in Dementia as the world’s population ages. In this article, we explore the latest ideas about normal aging and cognitive decline with an eye on the future. Most older people remember many ordinary things, like how to sing a familiar song and tie a shoe. Many people currently live into their 90s and beyond without any significant signs of cognitive impairment. It may take them longer to recall a word or a name, but their general language ability, vocabulary, and reasoning capacity can remain relatively intact. What does tend to decline in normal aging is mental flexibility. Reliable recollection of facts, events, and practical knowledge becomes more complex, and it may become challenging to use newly learned information. Multitasking and executive functioning that requires speed, verbal, and mathematical reasoning typically slow down, especially after age 70. In his book “Why We Remember” (2), Charan Ranganath suggests that we think of memory like a desk cluttered with crumpled-up scraps of paper. If you think about urgently rooting around on that messy desk, trying to find something important that you’ve scribbled on one of those crumpled scraps, you may begin to feel what it’s like to lose access to your memory. Stages of Cognitive Decline Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) occurs when there is more difficulty with memory and thinking than expected at a person’s age. Although a person with MCI can still be independent, they may struggle with ordinary tasks and may feel easily frustrated, disorganized, and overwhelmed. In a 2014 study (3) of people whose average age was 70, about 30 percent of people who had been diagnosed with MCI later developed Dementia. Dementia involves a further decline in memory and thinking skills, most commonly due to damage to the brain from a variety of causes. A specific disease-modifying drug for Dementia is not currently available, but some symptoms and underlying causes can be treated. Mild Dementia is characterized by increased confusion, and reading and writing can become difficult or impossible. Repetitive or inappropriate questions and inaccurate answers can make conversation challenging, and it is not unusual for people living with Dementia to become disoriented, leave a safe place, and get lost. There is likely to be impulsive behavior, a diminished capacity for empathy, and, eventually, difficulty recognizing family and friends. At its most severe, a person with Dementia may become utterly dependent on others to manage their basic activities of daily living. A definitive diagnosis of Dementia is complicated because the clinical evidence (seen by a doctor in their office or experienced by loved ones at home) of Dementia is very varied. That said, Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, specifically, is defined by physical damage to the brain tissue: clumps of proteins in the brain in the form of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. There is a highly accurate commercially available blood test (4) that detects these proteins, and there are two drugs approved by Medicare (lecanemab and donanemab) that dissolve some of the beta-amyloid plaque. Still, they have relatively modest benefits and will not reverse a person’s memory loss or provide lasting improvements. Lecanemab, for example, is said to delay the progression of AD by about five months (5). These drugs require an extensive commitment of time and money, and they have a high risk of serious side effects. Drug regulators in several countries have declined to approve the drugs out of concern that the risks outweigh the modest benefits, and several major US healthcare institutions have opted not to give the drug to anyone with a problematic genetic profile (6). As part of the search to identify cognitive impairment at the earliest possible point so that effective treatments can be developed to prevent and delay the development of Dementia, the concept of Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) has recently appeared in the cognitive continuum (7). It is derived from the requirement by Medicare that the physician ask a patient over 65, at their annual wellness visit, whether they’ve been having any issues with their memory. Participants 60 years and older with normal cognition who participated in the large Framingham Heart Study were asked slightly different variations of that single question, “Do you feel your memory is becoming worse?” Study participants were followed for up to 12 years. If they had answered “Yes,” indicating SCD, it was found that, over time, they had an increased risk of developing cognitive decline and all-cause dementia. On average, SCD preceded the development of MCI by 4.4 years, AD by 6.8 years, and all-cause Dementia by 6.9 years. This supported the premise that SCD could be an early or pre-symptomatic manifestation of impending neurodegeneration, and early detection is believed to improve the potential for treatment and prevention of further decline. While research continues to focus on diagnosis, treatments, and cures, considerable emphasis has shifted toward studying lifestyle and environmental modifications that can reduce the risk and delay the development of cognitive decline. Investing in preventative health (8,9), like being fitted for hearing aids, has been shown to reduce brain damage due to normal biological aging (10). A 2024 article (11) estimates that “…nearly 50 percent of all Dementia cases are preventable…” Experts agree that along with physical exercise or staying socially active, engaging in cognitively stimulating activities or hobbies can help protect against cognitive decline by building mental muscle or “cognitive reserve” (12,13). And these activities have virtually no downsides! Warding Off Cognitive Decline Some healthy lifestyle and environmental modifications that have been scientifically validated to reduce the risk of cognitive decline are listed below and discussed here (14). Eat healthily, the so-called MIND diet. Find a way to exercise regularly to whatever degree is possible for you. Breaking a sweat builds your brain. If you aren’t working or socially active, consider volunteering or getting involved somewhere to be socially and intellectually stimulated. Try to get the best medical care possible if something seems to be physically or psychologically wrong. Ask your doctor to adjust medications that affect cognition. Correct even mild hearing or vision loss; reduced activity in the brain due to age-related sensory changes can lead to faster rates of atrophy and an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia (15). Address sleep problems: untreated, they may contribute to cognitive decline and affect the brain's resilience (16). Moderate or eliminate alcohol consumption and stop using tobacco products. Minimize stress. Widespread prioritizing of healthy habits will have a measurable impact on the future incidence of cognitive decline. Perhaps, hopefully, our grandchildren will learn whether improved brain health, supplemented by the development of targeted treatments and cures, will result in a decrease in the future risk of cognitive decline. Contributing Author: Carol A. Butler, Ph.D. References Vemuri, P. 2024. Improving trends in brain health explain declining dementia risk? JAMA Neurology, 81(5):442-443. Published online March 25, 2024. Ranganath, C. 2024. Why We Remember. Doubleday, New York. Roberts RO et al. 2014. Higher risk of progression to dementia in mild cognitive impairment cases who revert to normal. Neurology Jan 28; 82(4): 317-325. Palmqvist, S. et al. 2024. Blood biomarkers to detect Alzheimer disease in primary care and secondary care. Jama, 332(15):1245-1257. van Dyck CH et al. 2023. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease. NEJM, 388:9-21. Bogdanich, W. and Kessler, C. What Drugmakers Did Not Tell Volunteers in Alzheimer’s Trials. New York Times October 23, 2024. Kang, M. et al. 2024. Subjective cognitive decline and longitudinal assessment and risk for cognitive impairment. JAMA Psychiatry, published online July 3, 2024.Van Dyck, C. et al. 2022. Taquet, M. et al. 2024. The recombinant shingles vaccine is associated with lower risk of dementia. Nature Medicine.30, 2777-2781. https://rdcu.be/dXxnR Veronese, N. et al. 2022. Influenza vaccination reduces dementia risk, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861456/ Marinelli J. et al. 2022. Association between hearing loss and development of dementia using formal behavioural audiometric testing within the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA): a prospective population-based study. The Lancet Healthy Longevity. 3(12): E817-824. Livingston G et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission. The Lancet Commissions 404 (10452): 572-628. Krivanek TJ et al. 2021. Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Ten-Year Update. J Alzheimers Disease June 1; 81(3): 871-920. Blumen, H. et al. 2024. Cognitive reserve proxies are associated with age-related cognitive decline- not age-related gait speed decline. Neurobiology of Aging. 141:46-54. Butler, C. 2024. Lifestyle modifications for brain health. https:www.dementiasociety.org/post/lifestyle-modifications-for-brain-health Smith, D. 2024. How hearing and vision loss increase the risk of dementia. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/08/well/mind/hearing-vision-dementia-risk.html Ho, P. et al.2024. Sleep, 24-hour activity rhythms, and subsequent amyloid-B pathology. JAMA Neurology, 81(8): 824-834. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1138] Welcome and thank you for joining me. What is donepezil, also known by the brand name Aricept? It is a prescription medicine often used to treat people with Alzheimer's disease, one cause of Dementia that affects memory thinking and behavior. It is also used off-label with specific other causes of Dementia. Donepezil does not cure the disease. Yet it may provide a slight improvement in symptoms for a while. It works by helping certain brain chemicals that support memory and thinking. Some people who take it may feel more alert or able to do daily tasks a little more easily. Taken orally, donepezil is typically taken once daily with or without food, and it's essential to take it at the same time each day. A slightly different formula is available as a multi-day patch on the skin. Like all medicines, donepezil can have side effects. Some people may feel sick to their stomach, have trouble sleeping, have nightmares, or feel dizzy. These side effects are usually mild, but if they worsen, it's essential to inform the doctor. Donepezil works best when taken as part of a complete care plan, including support from caregivers and healthy daily routines. Monitor its usefulness in collaboration with the medical team and discuss when or if the dose should be adjusted or discontinued. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you for joining me today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care of yourself. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1088] Welcome, and thank you for joining me. Today we're talking about Traumatic Brain Injury, often called TBI. A traumatic brain injury happens when a sudden hard bump, blow, or jolt to the head causes the brain to move inside the skull. Brain surgeons tell us that your brain has the same consistency and firmness as bean curd, also known as tofu. So you can imagine that the soft structure of the brain knocking against the hard skull that surrounds it might lead to some unpleasant outcomes. Also, without advanced testing, and unlike a broken leg in a cast, this type of injury is nearly impossible to see in the traditional sense. So for many people, it's a hidden condition that is not easily understood. TBI may lead to neuroinflammation of the brain tissue, damage brain cells, and affect how a person thinks, feels, behaves, or moves. TBI can happen from falls, car accidents, sports injuries, or being hit in the head. Some injuries are mild, like a concussion, and others can be more serious, leading to long-term problems. In addition, some TBIs are severe one-time events, while others are mild but repeated over time. Signs of a TBI can include confusion, headaches, memory loss, dizziness, mood changes, or trouble speaking. Some symptoms show up right away, but others might appear days or weeks later. For older adults, a TBI can be especially risky. Falls are the most common cause. Even a mild injury can affect thinking, balance, and daily life. It may also increase the risk of developing conditions that express themselves as Dementia later on. If someone has a head injury, it's essential to see a doctor right away, even if they seem okay at first. Rest, follow-up care, and sometimes physical or speech therapy may be needed to help heal the brain. To help prevent TBI, make the home safer by removing tripping hazards, using grab bars in the bathroom, and wearing shoes with a good grip. Looking both ways at intersections when driving, wearing seat belts and helmets when participating in sports or biking, also helps protect the brain. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you again for joining me today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care of yourself. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1062] Welcome and thank you for joining me. Today, we're discussing how to prepare for an ambulance call. When someone with Dementia needs assistance, emergencies can be stressful and confusing, but with a bit of planning, you can help the person receive better, safer care. Start by gathering important information. Keep a folder near the front door, or consider having a specially marked container in the refrigerator with the person's full name, birth date, medical conditions, medications, allergies, and emergency contacts. Include copies of any legal documents, like a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order, power of attorney (POA), or health care proxy. Some families also keep this information in a wallet, purse, or on their phone. It's also smart to write a short note explaining the person's Dementia diagnosis, how it affects them, how they communicate, what calms them, and any behaviors emergency medical technicians, also known as EMTs, might expect. This helps first responders be more gentle and prepared. One crucial step you can take is to register the person with your local 911 center. Many communities offer a special needs registry where you can share medical and behavioral information in advance. Then, when you call 911, dispatchers should already know there is a person living with Dementia at the address. Contact your local non-emergency police or fire department to inquire about the availability of this service in your area. When the Ambulance Arrives When EMTs arrive, stay calm and clear. Let them know the person has Dementia. Explain what is normal for them, and share your information packet. Let them know why you called for emergency assistance and how their behavior is different than usual. If the person is upset or afraid, suggest ways to comfort them, such as using a reassuring tone of voice, playing their favorite calming music from an app on your smartphone, and holding their hand. It's almost always better to have a trusted person ride along. Second best is to meet them at the hospital to help explain things and reduce confusion. Good communication and planning can help ensure a safe and respectful experience for everyone involved. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you again for joining me today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care of yourself. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.

Click here for Spanish Click here for French Video Transcript [Answer 1029] Welcome and thank you for joining me. Today, we're talking about oral hygiene, or how to take care of the mouth, teeth, and gums, especially for people living with Dementia. Good oral care helps prevent tooth pain, gum disease, infections, and bad breath, and it can make eating and speaking easier. Tips for Maintaining Oral Hygiene in Dementia As Dementia progresses, it can be harder for a person to remember or manage brushing and flossing. That's where caregivers can help. Using gentle support and simple steps, try using cueing, which means giving short, clear instructions or showing the task step by step. For example, hand them the toothbrush and say, "Let's brush your teeth now," while brushing your teeth to model the behavior. Use the same time and place each day to build a routine. You can even find videos online and play them to show someone brushing their teeth. Use a soft-bristle toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste, and brush for about two minutes. Don't forget to clean the tongue gently using the toothbrush or a tongue scraper to reduce bacteria and bad breath. If the person wears dentures or has implants or bridges, be sure to clean them daily. Remove dentures at night and soak them in a denture cleaner. Check the mouth often for sores, redness, or loose teeth or devices. Flossing can be tricky for someone living with Dementia. Using waxed string floss or dental tape may expose fingers to injury. Consider a water flosser if you believe that regular floss may be dangerous, but start on the lowest pressure. Fill the reservoir with body temperature water, and use a calming voice and movement, as the jet spray might scare someone and cause them to bite down on the flossing wand. Keep dental visits up to date. Some dentists are familiar with issues arising from cognitive impairments. Still, others may need a pre-appointment visit to build awareness with the staff regarding how the person may react. Sitting with the person and holding their hand can be comforting if the person is resistant. Try brushing at a more relaxed time or use music and gentle reassurances to calm them. Even wiping the teeth with a warm, damp cloth is better than nothing. On behalf of the Dementia Society of America®, thank you again for joining me today. Stay informed, stay healthy, and take care of yourself. Disclaimer: Dementia Society of America (DSA) provides educational content only and does not offer medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making changes to your medical care. DSA content is created by both human and computer-generated means and is reviewed for accuracy; however, errors may occur. Views expressed by third-party contributors do not necessarily reflect those of DSA. Unless expressly stated, DSA does not endorse or guarantee any third-party products, services, organizations, or external content. All DSA content is copyrighted and/or trademarked and may not be used without written permission.