Search Results

Better Brain Research ™ Findings Researchers have found that people born in the 1970s have LARGER BRAINS than those born in the 1930s, which may reduce the risk of age-related Dementias.   Reading this magazine aloud can help you remember more of its content. Want an added plus? READ IT ALOUD to a friend to build your relationship.   Brain studies show that HANDWRITING IS BETTER for memory and learning than typing because motor and visual information processing sync up with areas crucial to memory formation.   Researchers have discovered that exposure to brain-friendly GREEN LIGHT can reduce migraine pain and shorten the duration of these debilitating headaches.   The term PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT is backed by science. A study in mice revealed that repeating an activity over and over solidifies neural pathways in the brain.   In men at high risk for Alzheimer’s disease, those with HIGHER PANCREATIC FAT had lower cognition and brain volumes, suggesting that there’s a sex-specific link between abdominal fat and brain health.

See how modern innovations can give your brain a boost.   As society progresses into the 21st century, the nexus between technology, scientific research, and daily life has become increasingly significant, providing many benefits that enhance cognitive functions and overall brain health. Advanced medical practices, the exponential growth of the internet, innovative changes in commerce, and the evolution of home technology profoundly influence the way we process information, solve problems, manage stress, and maintain mental agility. Here’s a look at all of these advancements and their positive effects on brain health.   Advancements in Medical Science The field of biomedical sciences has made monumental strides in both understanding and treating the brain. Neuroimaging technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, provide detailed images of the brain, enabling scientists to study brain function and structure without invasive procedures. These advancements lead to better diagnosis and treatment of brain-related diseases and disorders that may result in developing Dementia, depression, and epilepsy, among many other conditions.   Furthermore, recent research on neuroplasticity — the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections — offers hope for recovery from brain injury and improvement in cognitive abilities through targeted therapies. Such medical breakthroughs contribute to better brain health by reducing disease impact and improving quality of life, which indirectly boosts cognitive functions and resilience.   The Internet: A Gateway to Knowledge The advent of the internet has revolutionized access to information, transforming it into a dynamic tool for enhancing brain function. With the vast resources available online, people can engage in continual learning, a critical component for keeping the brain active and healthy. Educational platforms, online courses, and multimedia resources allow people to acquire new skills and knowledge at an unprecedented rate, promoting lifelong learning and cognitive flexibility. Additionally, the internet’s interactive and interconnected nature stimulates critical-thinking and problem-solving skills by encouraging users to analyze information, synthesize data, and communicate effectively with others globally.   Commerce and Digital Innovation The digital transformation of commerce has also contributed positively to brain health by simplifying complex transactions and reducing stress associated with shopping and financial management. E-commerce platforms and financial apps have user-friendly interfaces that enhance decision-making skills and improve memory by engaging users in strategic planning and budget management. Online shopping and automated financial services, such as digital banking and budget tracking, are convenient and free up cognitive resources, allowing people to focus more on productive tasks and less on routine activities. Furthermore, these platforms often use algorithms that help in pattern recognition and logical thinking — skills that are transferable to other cognitive domains.   Technology for Use at Home Technology has transformed people’s homes into hubs of interactive and tailored experiences that contribute to brain health. Smart home devices, such as voice-controlled assistants and automated home systems, encourage problem-solving skills and adaptability by allowing users to customize their living spaces to their needs. Moreover, fitness trackers, sleep monitors, and other personal health devices provide insights into people’s physical health, which is intrinsically linked to cognitive well-being. These devices promote healthy lifestyle habits by tracking physical activity, monitoring sleep patterns, and even guiding meditation and mindfulness exercises, all of which are known to improve cognitive function and reduce cognitive decline.   Conclusion Advancements in medical science, the rise of the internet, the evolution of digital commerce, and the personalization of home technology collectively foster an environment that is conducive to cognitive growth and brain health. By providing tools that improve our understanding of the brain, facilitate access to information, simplify daily tasks, and encourage healthy living, these developments offer significant benefits that help maintain and enhance cognitive functions. As we continue to innovate and integrate technology into our daily lives, the potential for supporting brain health and cognitive abilities is likely to expand, promising a future where technology and medicine continually work hand in hand to elevate our mental capacities. What Can I Do to Plug Into Technology's Benefits?   1. Seek out adult classes that explain smartphone apps, smart home devices, and even 3D printing (that’s the new way they’re building everything from heart valves to rocket ships). Call your local school or library to see what’s offered. Or suggest that you teach a topic yourself — it’s the quickest way to learn.   2. Learn how to use a QR code. These are commonly used in restaurants, transportation, and museums. They’re also used to enhance cemetery headstones, connect you to assembly instructions, or provide history lessons on self-guided walking tours. Go to QRcodes101.com to watch.   3. Pick a day, once a week, to limit your social media browsing to 30 minutes. Use that newfound time to learn some tech that can make your life easier and healthier: Try self-checkout or figure out how to use a smartphone app to count your steps. Additional selected reading: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10381462/ https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/ucla-study-finds-that-searching-the-internet-increases-brain-function https://bitly.com/blog/healthcare-technology-qr-codes https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4029126/ https://cfsi-innovation-files-2018.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/08193731/AARPF_TechAdoption.pdf https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7366947/

Travel provides numerous benefits to cognitive functioning. Travel is more than just an escape from the daily grind — it is a catalyst for cognitive growth and enhancement. The experiences we gain from exploring new places extend far beyond relaxation and pleasure, actively helping to develop and refine our cognitive skills. This article explores how traveling enriches our lives with unforgettable memories and experiences and dramatically benefits our cognitive functions, including creativity, problem-solving, and emotional intelligence. Stimulating Creativity Through New Experiences One of travel's most significant cognitive benefits is the enhancement of creativity. When we travel, we expose ourselves to new environments, cultures, languages, and experiences that challenge our typical thinking patterns. This exposure breaks down the cognitive barriers of familiarity and routine that often stifle creativity. According to several studies, people who travel and interact with diverse cultures tend to have more creative insights and are better at generating innovative solutions. The novelty of new places stimulates the brain, encouraging neural pathways to expand and connect in new ways. For example, navigating a foreign city or trying to communicate in another language forces the brain to devise creative strategies, strengthening cognitive flexibility and creative thinking. Enhancing Cognitive Flexibility and Problem-Solving Skills Travel inherently involves encountering and overcoming challenges, from navigating unfamiliar public transportation systems to handling unexpected changes in plans. Each of these situations is an exercise in problem-solving and adaptability. As we face these challenges, our brains are prompted to engage in complex thinking processes involving logic, reasoning, and decision-making. Over time, these mental exercises can lead to improved cognitive flexibility, making it easier for us to switch between different tasks and solve problems more efficiently. Moreover, having to adapt to different cultural norms and social cues can enhance our cognitive flexibility, allowing us to better handle ambiguity and complexity in everyday situations. Improving Memory and Learning Efficiency Travel also positively affects memory and learning. The rich sensory experiences provided by new environments enhance the brain’s ability to retain and recall information. The novelty of new experiences increases the brain’s neuroplasticity, leading to the formation of new memories and neural connections. When we travel, we often pay more attention to our surroundings and the events happening around us because of their unfamiliarity and novelty. This heightened awareness results in more vivid and lasting memories. Additionally, learning about the history of a place or picking up phrases in a new language can stimulate the hippocampus, the area of the brain involved in learning and memory processes, thereby improving our capacity to learn new information quickly and efficiently. Boosting Emotional Intelligence and Empathy Traveling frequently involves interacting with people from various backgrounds and cultures. These interactions can significantly enhance a person’s emotional intelligence and empathy. Understanding and adapting to different cultural contexts improves our ability to read and respond to the emotions of others. Experiences such as witnessing diverse social customs or engaging in local traditions can deepen our empathy and appreciation for other perspectives. This not only enhances social skills but also contributes to greater tolerance and respect for diversity. Emotional intelligence, a critical component of successful interpersonal interactions and leadership, is thus markedly improved through the experiences gained from travel. Creating Strong Social Connections Traveling in a group can be a special way to forge new friendships. The shared experiences of travel naturally foster close bonds and mutual understanding among group members. When you travel with others, you have unique experiences together that aren’t part of everyday life. Whether it’s marveling at a sunset, navigating a busy market, or overcoming the challenges of a hike, these shared experiences can form the foundation of lasting friendships. Travel often involves unexpected challenges that require cooperation and support: dealing with lost luggage, finding your way in a new city, helping each other through physically demanding activities. Acts of kindness and support during travel can build trust and appreciation, strengthening bonds between group members. And after traveling together, many groups decide to keep in touch through social media, reunions, or subsequent trips. The desire to relive the good times can lead to more gatherings and interactions, further nourishing and cementing these friendships. Conclusion Travel — whether solo, with a partner or friends, or in a diverse group — offers profound benefits to cognitive development and functioning. It nurtures creativity, enhances problem-solving skills and cognitive flexibility, improves memory and learning efficiency, and boosts emotional intelligence and empathy. Each journey we embark on contributes to the enrichment of our minds, shaping us into more adaptable, intelligent, and compassionate people. As we explore new horizons, we discover the world and unlock the potential of our own cognitive capacities. Wanderlust can build a better brain! --- One of the most significant cognitive benefits of travel is the enhancement of creativity. What Can I Do? 1. Try some armchair traveling when you receive those slick brochures for cruises or packaged tours. Look closely at their itineraries and find the stops on a map (online or in an old-school atlas). Why did they choose that destination? What history or natural beauty would you be exposed to? Build a better brain by imagining what it would be like to be there.   2. Act like a tourist in your own town. Find your local visitors center if you have one. Get some of the free brochures and maps it offers, and consider striking up a conversation with others looking for local travel ideas. Share your favorites and learn why others see your town as interesting.   3. To paraphrase Detective Steve McGarrett from Hawaii Five-0, “Book it, Danno.” Put a date on the calendar, along with a destination, and make it happen. Your brain will thank you. Additional Selected Reading: Leung AK, Maddux W, Chiu, CY. Multicultural Experience Enhances Creativity: The When and How. American Psychologist 63(3):169-81, April 2008. Maddux WM, Galinsky AD. Cultural borders and mental barriers: the relationship between living abroad and creativity. J Pers Soc Psychol 2009 May; 96(5):1047-61. Cole S, Hua C, Peng S, Wang W. Exploring the Relationship of Leisure Travel with Loneliness, Depression, and Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Apr 18;21(4):498. Maddux WW, Adam H, Galinsky AD. When in Rome ... Learn why the Romans do what they do: how multicultural learning experiences facilitate creativity. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2010 Jun;36(6):731-41.

The interplay of genes, environment, and lifestyle is responsible for most of our vulnerability and disease resistance. The influence of modifiable environmental and lifestyle factors has recently become a source of interest and optimism in the research on age-associated cognitive decline because several of these factors have been shown to impact (some positively, some negatively) the likelihood of experiencing cognitive decline that may or may not progress to Dementia. Mental Flexibility As We Age Mental flexibility usually decreases with age. Consciously remembering facts, events, and practical knowledge may become more challenging. Multitasking and executive functions that involve quick thinking, verbal communication, and mathematical reasoning tend to slow down, particularly after reaching 70 years of age. The capacity to quickly retrieve recently acquired information may diminish. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is characterized by cognitive deterioration beyond normal aging expectations. It can stem from a neurodegenerative disorder or be linked to factors such as vitamin deficiency, sleep disturbances, or medication side effects, potentially allowing for reversibility. Individuals with MCI often experience heightened memory and cognitive challenges, leading to difficulties in daily tasks, verbal expression, feelings of frustration, disorganization, and being overwhelmed despite maintaining some level of independence. While many individuals reach their 90s and beyond without showing any signs of Dementia, a gradual decline in cognitive abilities could lead to the development of Dementia. Research suggests that around 10 to 15 percent of individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) may progress to Dementia. However, a 2024 study found that this progression occurred in about 30 percent of participants with MCI, whose average age was 70. Heightened confusion, memory issues, and difficulties in communication, reading, and writing characterize Dementia. Common symptoms include repetitive questioning, wandering, impulsivity, and diminished empathy. In its advanced stages, individuals with Dementia often rely heavily on others to assist with their daily activities. What Factors are Associated with Cognitive Decline? Researchers can conclude the likelihood of developing certain diseases by collecting data on thousands of individuals and tracking them over many years or until their passing. The U.S. National Death Index (NDI) holds more than 100 million death records, enabling researchers to link a person's cause of death with information about their environment and lifestyle during their earlier years. Recent extensive research utilizing the NDI to conduct follow-ups years later on individuals who participated in significant studies has revealed that elements such as diet, physical activity, social engagement, and specific physical and behavioral factors play a role in developing and advancing cognitive decline. For instance, age-related hearing impairment has been proven to heighten the likelihood of cognitive decline in older adults. However, addressing this impairment with a hearing aid may diminish the risk. Below is a concise overview of certain factors linked to a higher or lower likelihood of cognitive decline. It is important to note that these factors are not direct causes or safeguards against decline; they have been demonstrated through extensive scholarly research involving large populations to have a statistically notable influence on risk. Factors that have been linked to HIGHER Dementia risk Diabetes, hearing and vision loss, high blood pressure, and high or low HCL cholesterol are common in older adults and can be treated and improved in almost all cases. Obesity and poor bone health often result from unhealthy eating patterns. A common source is consuming too many ultra-processed, food-based products full of additives and stripped of nutrients, such as packaged snacks and desserts, sugary breakfast cereals, processed meats, sweetened beverages, and instant soups. A sedentary lifestyle and social isolation have been linked with an increased risk of developing Dementia. This is also true of binge drinking and excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, chronic stress, depression, and the lack of deep sleep. Nightmares, post-traumatic stress disorder, and regular laxative use have also been identified as risk factors that may be modifiable. Factors that have been linked to LOWER Dementia risk Healthy eating habits are protective, including a high-fiber diet. It is helpful to consume leafy green vegetables and orange fruits because they contain carotenoid antioxidants, which defend against several degenerative disorders and enhance the immune system. Also important are fruits (apples, berries, cherries), onions, soybeans, and teas that contain dietary flavanols, compounds that have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties. The Mediterranean diet (https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/mediterranean-diet/art-20047801)  and the MIND diet (Mediterranean diet intervention for neurodegenerative delay)  (https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutrutionsource/healthy-weight/diet-reviews/mind-diet/ ) are recommended. Regular exercise is crucial (see the article, "Get Moving! The value of exercise in reducing the risk of cognitive decline." CaringKind Newsletter 3:4) https://www.caringkindnyc.org/2022v3-newsletter . Hearing aids, cataract surgery, and other interventions that improve the ability to communicate can lower your risk of cognitive decline. Stimulating cognitive activities (crossword puzzles, games, reading) may build cognitive reserve. Social activities (dancing, art classes, and other recreational and leisure activities that involve building relationships with others) are also linked with reducing the risk of cognitive impairment. It is also essential to minimize the consequences of physical illness with interventions like getting an annual influenza vaccination. Covid-19 and RNA vaccines have not yet been convincingly linked to lowering the risk of developing Dementia. Still, because they minimize the risk of serious illness, it is reasonable to think they may also reduce the risk of cognitive impairment. If you have type 2 diabetes, treatment with metformin shows evidence of reducing the risk of neurodegenerative disease. A large study published in February 2024 about the use of Viagra and similar erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs has produced fascinating results. These drugs dilate blood vessels and have been shown to increase blood flow in the brains of animals. Men who received the most prescriptions for ED pills throughout the study had a significantly lower risk of developing Dementia. Further study is necessary to understand whether the drugs can protect against Dementia (for women as well as for men) or whether men who are less prone to the disease are more likely to use those drugs. A Healthy Lifestyle May Lead to Better Brain Health Recent speculation, as stated in a JAMA Neurology editorial dated March 25, 2024, suggests that the enhancement of brain health resulting from global advancements in living standards, education, and healthcare could potentially reduce the risk of Dementia in the future. This contrasts with the typical grim forecasts of a notable rise in Dementia cases as the global population ages. Only time will reveal the accuracy of these predictions. In the meantime, why not push yourself to integrate a healthy lifestyle and environmental changes linked to improving cognitive function? Here are several lifestyle modifications for better brain health: Eat healthily. Find a way to exercise regularly to whatever degree is possible for you. Even modest increases in physical activity are beneficial. If you aren't working or socially active, consider volunteering or getting involved somewhere to be socially and intellectually stimulated. Try to get the best medical care possible if something seems to be physically or psychologically wrong. Authors' opinions are not necessarily those of the Dementia Society, Inc. We do not endorse nor guarantee products, comments, suggestions, links, or other forms of the content contained within blog posts that have been provided to us with permission, paid or otherwise. Dementia Society does not provide medical advice. Please consult your doctor. www.DementiaSociety.org Contributing Author: Carol A. Butler, Ph.D. Carol A. Butler was born and educated in New York City. She graduated from the Bronx High School of Science, Queens College, and New York University, receiving her Master's and Doctoral degrees. She has a private practice in Manhattan, providing psychotherapy for individuals and couples and clinical supervision for other therapists. She is currently active in the areas of research and treatment of various forms of Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. She is a N.Y. State licensed Psychoanalyst with advanced training in mediation, arbitration, clinical supervision, and the treatment of sexual dysfunctions and addictive disorders. She has co-authored eight books and many articles.

Top 10 Tips for Communicating with Persons with Dementia Interacting with a loved one living with Dementia can be difficult. Dementia impacts memory, language, and cognitive abilities, making it challenging for individuals to comprehend and reply. Nonetheless, with patience, empathy, and appropriate techniques, you can enhance the positivity and significance of conversations. A professional care manager can also offer crucial support by providing customized strategies and solutions to your loved one's needs. Here are our top 10 tips for effective communication, along with insights on how a care manager can assist in making the journey smoother. Tip 1. Keep it Simple and Direct Use simple words and short sentences to prevent overwhelming your loved one. Steer clear of lengthy or complex explanations. Keep sentences clear and direct. If they don't understand initially, try rephrasing rather than repeating. Care managers can help family members simplify language and adapt their communication style to match their loved one's current cognitive abilities. Tip 2. Be Patient and Allow Extra Time Dementia may reduce processing speed. Allow your loved one ample time to think and reply, resisting any urge to hurry them. Silence is acceptable as it helps them collect their thoughts. Professional care managers are skilled in methods that encourage calm and respectful communication and can impart these skills to families. Tip 3. Avoid Correcting or Criticizing Disputing or correcting them can result in frustration and confusion. If their recollection differs, it's usually best to let it go unless it's significant. Care managers assist family members in recognizing the importance of acknowledging feelings and emotions, even when the details are incorrect. They can provide guidance on how to handle conversations smoothly. Tip 4. Focus on Feelings, Not Facts Often, your loved one's emotions are more important than the specific words they use. Instead of focusing on correcting any mistakes, acknowledge the feelings they express and respond to those. Care managers can offer strategies to help you pay attention to emotional signals, allowing you to understand better and address your loved one's needs. Tip 5. Use Nonverbal Communication Sometimes, a soft touch or a friendly smile can communicate more effectively than words. Nonverbal signals can express comfort, empathy, and connection, mainly when words are difficult to express. Care managers are skilled in nonverbal methods and can demonstrate these to family members, fostering a sense of connection and support for all involved. Tip 6. Minimize Distractions Background noise from a television or a crowd can be overwhelming. Aim to communicate in a quiet, serene setting to help them concentrate more effectively on the conversation. Care managers can help establish a communication-friendly environment by rearranging rooms or adjusting routines, making interactions less stressful. Tip 7. Be Positive and Reassuring Individuals with Dementia frequently experience anxiety or insecurity. A positive tone and reassuring language can significantly impact their sense of safety and worth. Professional care managers are skilled in techniques that foster a calm and comforting environment. They can assist families in developing positive communication habits and provide resources for handling difficult emotions. Tip 8. Ask One Question at a Time Asking multiple questions at once can be confusing. It's better to ask one question at a time, simplifying responses, particularly with yes or no questions when feasible. Care managers can assist families in creating dementia-sensitive questions, facilitating smoother and less frustrating conversations for all parties involved. Tip 9. Embrace Their Reality Individuals with Dementia frequently recall events differently or may not recognize present situations. Rather than arguing, try to engage with them in their reality. This approach can facilitate stress-free bonding. Care managers are adept in techniques like reality orientation and validation, assisting families in knowing when and how to accept a loved one's perspective for their comfort and well-being. Tip 10. Practice Self-Care and Seek Support Assisting a loved one with Dementia can be emotionally demanding. It's essential to prioritize your well-being and seek assistance when necessary. Care managers are available to support both families and the individual with Dementia. They offer resources, organize care, and can help facilitate family discussions to address everyone's needs effectively. Supporting a loved one with Dementia involves more than performing daily tasks; it's about fostering moments of connection and comprehension. Professional care managers are experts in assisting families to manage these challenges with empathy and skill. They grasp the intricacies of Dementia and can provide essential communication tools, access to resources, and a customized plan suited to your family's requirements. Having a professional care manager with you means you're not facing this journey alone. They act as a caring guide, assisting you in forming meaningful connections and lightening the load, allowing you to concentrate on cherishing quality time with your loved one. The Dementia Society of America® supports the advantages of care management, and as a Corporate Partner of the Aging Life Care Association®, we encourage you to use this link,  www.findacaremanager.org,  to find a professional closest to you or your loved one. ###

Some cognitive decline is normal with age. However, when people experience a decrease in particular skills, like thinking, reasoning, remembering, and ambulation, severe enough to interfere with daily living, they may be on the road to developing the syndrome of Dementia - the cluster of symptoms brought on by one or more neurological diseases or disorders that negatively affect the brain. Dementia symptoms can range from mild to severe and, by definition, will likely worsen with time. There are several different types of Dementia brain pathologies. The four most common are: Alzheimer's Disease-related Dementia. This type of Dementia is common among older adults. Alzheimer's disease is marked by a buildup of proteins (sticky amyloid plaques) and neuron destruction (tau tangles) that affect cognitive functions. How these changes come about is not entirely known, but genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors likely play a role. Dementia symptoms such as short-term memory loss and an inability to reason are early hallmarks of this disease. Vascular Dementia . This type of Dementia is linked to various conditions, such as cardiovascular and lung diseases, that affect oxygen and blood flow in the brain. These Dementia symptoms can appear gradually or occur suddenly. Strokes increase the risk for vascular Dementia, but not everyone who has a stroke develops Dementia. Lewy Body Dementia (LBD). This grouping of Dementia syndromes is seen with abnormal deposits of the protein alpha-synuclein in the brain. Also known as Lewy bodies, these deposits affect chemicals in the brain that cause brain changes, leading to difficulty thinking, sleep and visual disturbances, and problems with movement, behavior, and mood. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). This type of Dementia is marked by damage to neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Symptoms include unusual behaviors, trouble communicating with others, emotional issues, difficulty finding words, walking, and performing tasks at work and home. Why is Differentiating Dementias Important? Making the proper diagnosis and pinpointing the type of Dementia is the first step toward managing and treating it appropriately, says Vijaya B. Kolachalama, PhD , associate professor of medicine at Boston University and an author of a 2024 study in Nature on using artificial intelligence to differentiate the diagnoses of Dementia. "It's critically important to have the right diagnosis because some patients may have reversible conditions," he says. "For example, if there is a vitamin deficiency causing Dementia, then giving the patient supplements can help. If their Dementia is not reversible, you can do certain things to make sure the patient is managed well." How is Dementia Diagnosed? When a patient exhibits cognitive difficulties, healthcare providers perform a number of Dementia screenings to try to determine what the cause might be. Tests include a physical exam and lab work to check levels of various chemicals, hormones, and vitamins in the person's blood and urine. Reviewing the person's family and medical history can help provide other vital clues, including what medications the person is on (some can cause memory issues). If there are other factors at play, such as heavy alcohol use or a recent brain injury, that may be causing cognitive symptoms. Other tests likely to be used include cognitive and neurological tests to evaluate a person's memory, problem-solving skills, and reasoning abilities. Brain scans such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) may also help identify if there are structural changes in the brain tied to cognition. When patients exhibit behavioral or mood changes, they may also undergo psychiatric evaluations to determine whether they are depressed or have other mental health conditions that could be contributing to the symptoms. Types of Diagnostic Tools to Differentiate Dementias It isn't easy to differentiate Dementias from each other. A person can have more than one type at the same time. Still, researchers have developed many tools to help providers determine what changes are occurring in the brain and evaluate the kind of cognitive decline that is apparent, says John O'Brien , FMedSci, professor of Old Age Psychiatry and NIHR emeritus senior investigator in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine in England. Once reversible causes have been ruled out, further testing may be necessary. Specifically, O'Brien recommends a verbal episodic memory test for Alzheimer's disease, which might include reading the person a list of words or a short story and then asking them to recall the information immediately and again after a delay. O'Brien also says that providers should use the international consensus criteria established for Dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal Dementia as a checklist. If the patient has several symptoms on the list, it can suggest they have that type. The international consensus criteria of Dementia with Lewy bodies, as an example, include Dementia examinations to look for four clinical features: pronounced variations in the person's attention and mental alertness, visual hallucinations, signs of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, and movement issues such as tremors and rigidity. According to the same international consensus body, the behavioral variant of Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is a possibility with at least three of the following findings: exhibiting socially inappropriate behavior, apathy, lack of empathy, compulsive behaviors, changes in taste and diet, and functional decline in managing tasks. Imaging such as MRI, CT, and positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain's frontal lobe should also be used to determine whether someone has FTD, O'Brien says. Researchers hope to find even better ways of diagnosing FTD earlier and distinguish it from other Dementia types better. One area under scrutiny is biomarkers - specific proteins that may be found in higher amounts in blood or cerebrospinal fluid in patients with FTD. A handful of biomarker blood tests are available today, and many are being studied for their role in Dementia diagnosis. Sensitive blood tests that predict the level of beta-amyloid in the patient's brain, for instance, are available to doctors. The results could be a clue to the type of Dementia the person has, but these blood tests are not used alone for a diagnosis. Genetic testing may also play a role in helping to inform a diagnosis of FTD, which has been tied to several genetic mutations and can run in families. Brain imaging tests such as CT, MRI, and PET can help determine whether vascular or other issues cause the Dementia symptoms a person is exhibiting, O'Brien says. These pictures of the brain uncover damage, such as tumors, stroke, shrinkage of brain areas, or abnormal deposits or destruction (sticky plaques or neuronal tangles). Other diagnostic tools are in development and hold promise for differentiating Dementias. For example, Kolachalama and colleagues at Boston University are developing a tool that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to help distinguish the causes of a person's Dementia. The differential AI Dementia diagnosis model uses several data types, including demographics, health history, neurological tests, physical exams, and MRI scans. Kolachalama says their AI tool must still be tested in clinical settings. Still, early indications show that when combined with these data sets, the tool performs better than neurologists' assessments alone. The author's opinions are not necessarily those of the Dementia Society, Inc. We do not endorse or guarantee products, comments, suggestions, links, or other forms of the content contained within blog posts that have been provided to us with permission, paid or otherwise. Dementia Society does not provide medical advice. Please consult your doctor. www.DementiaSociety.org Contributing author: Beth W. Orenstein Beth W. Orenstein is a freelance medical writer. A magna cum laude graduate of Tufts University, Orenstein has written for HealthDay, EverydayHealth, and the National Psoriasis Foundation and is a regular contributor to American Legion Magazine's Living Well and Radiology Today.

Dementia touches the lives of millions worldwide. The collection of symptoms includes impaired memory, thinking, and daily functioning. While factors like lifestyle and environment are significant contributors, genetics can also shape a person’s risk. To understand how genes may contribute to Dementia, it's important to start with what genes are: pieces of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This potent molecule provides instructions for building and maintaining our bodies. We inherit this DNA from both parents. Differences, or mutations, in specific genes, can disrupt their normal function, sometimes leading to harmful effects on the brain and body, including changes in brain tissue that can lead to Dementia. However, as Dr. Anindita Deb , a board-certified neurologist and associate professor of Neurology & Neurosurgery at UMass Chan Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts, explains, genes aren’t destiny. "People often think that if they have a specific gene, they will definitely develop Dementia, but it’s rarely that straightforward,” she says. “It's the interaction between genetics and environment that determines someone’s risk.” Is Dementia Genetic? In general, for almost every one of the leading pathologies of Dementia—Alzheimer’s, Vascular Dementia, Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)—there is evidence of a genetic link for a small percentage of those affected. However, in most people living with Dementia, there isn’t a known inherited cause. Any of the major forms of Dementia can be sporadic  (they occur randomly and aren’t linked to family history) or familial (cases are inherited and run in families due to specific genetic mutations). "There are certain genes that can predispose a person to the development of early or younger-onset Alzheimer's Dementia, which generally runs in families," says Dr. Deb. While finding these genetic links has been groundbreaking information for many of the significant forms of Dementia, including Alzheimer's, many genetic links remain unknown. Dr. Deb emphasizes that genetic predispositions, whether for Alzheimer’s disease-related Dementia or other types of Dementia, don’t guarantee that someone will develop the condition. "Genes alone can’t predict when symptoms will start, how severe they will be, or even if someone will develop Dementia at all. It’s the interaction between genetics and environmental factors that plays a crucial role." Dementia Genetic Factors Here’s a breakdown of the specific genes that impact the various types of Dementia. Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is a common cause of Dementia, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . There are two main types of Alzheimer’s disease: young-onset, which typically appears before age 65, and late-onset, which occurs later in life. Less than 10% of Alzheimer’s disease is inherited, according to researchers in the journal Nature . While some patients living with young-onset (sometimes also called "early-onset familial   Alzheimer’s disease," (EOFAD)) develop the condition from a single genetic mutation passed down in their family, in most cases, inherited EOFAD is tied to an interaction between multiple genes, plus lifestyle and environmental factors. Genetic mutations in the APP , PSEN1 , and PSEN2  genes, alone or in combination, are considered genetic drivers in the risk of developing this young-onset form of Dementia. These mutations disrupt how the brain processes amyloid precursor protein . Typically, the protein is broken down and cleared away, but mutations cause it to build into sticky clumps, known as amyloid plaques. These plaques clog the brain, disrupting cell communication and eventually injuring and killing them. However, for late-onset Alzheimer’s, the APOE  gene, specifically the APOE ε4  variant of this gene, raises the risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s. Vascular Dementia Vascular Dementia is an umbrella term for cognitive decline caused by cerebrovascular disease or impaired blood flow to the brain. This form of Dementia may occur following a diagnosed stroke (post-stroke Dementia) or without a history of noticeable stroke but with signs of silent cerebrovascular damage on brain imaging. While other diseases (like hypertension or diabetes) and environmental and lifestyle factors play a large role in stroke or cerebrovascular disease risk, genetics may also play a role. One key genetic condition, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), is caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene. These mutations damage small blood vessels in the brain, increasing the risk of stroke and the possibility of cognitive decline. Other conditions passed down from parents related to Vascular Dementia, such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), are linked to genetic mutations, too. Understanding these and other genetic connections to vascular disease could help to identify people at risk and lead to better tools for prevention and intervention. Lewy Body Dementia Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) is categorized into two subtypes: Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia (PDD). While both share the same types of brain changes, their symptoms and how they progress differ based on when cognitive decline and motor symptoms begin. LBD occurs when clumps of a protein called alpha-synuclein accumulate in the brain, disrupting the function of brain cells. These protein clumps, known as Lewy bodies, are the hallmark of both subtypes. Mutations in the SNCA  gene, which encodes the alpha-synuclein protein, and the GBA  gene have been linked to an increased risk of developing both forms of LBD. The GBA  mutation, in particular, may explain why DLB often overlaps with Parkinson’s disease symptoms. Those living with Parkinson’s disease often exhibit signs of LDB. “Around 30% of people living with Parkinson’s disease have Dementia [at time of diagnosis], but not all patients will experience it,” says Dr. Deb, who also serves as co-chief of the Movement Disorders Division at UMass Chan Medical School. "While many Parkinson’s patients have cognitive impairment, especially in executive functioning, it doesn’t always progress to Dementia." Yet, throughout a lifetime, up to 80% to 90% of people living with Parkinson’s disease eventually develop Dementia by the age of 90, according to researchers in Brain Pathology . Researchers have also confirmed a steady link to LBD with specific changes in the APOE gene, and two other new gene discoveries have recently been tied to LBD: B1N1  and TMEM175 . Frontotemporal Dementia Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) primarily affects the brain’s frontal and temporal lobes, which control personality, language, and behavior. It has several subtypes, including behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), and nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA)—all of which are associated with degenerative tissue changes in areas of the brain that support decision-making, behavioral control, emotion, and language. Up to two in every 10 people living with FTD have a genetic cause, according to the UCSF Memory and Aging Center . Specific genetic mutations in the MAPT , GRN , or C9orf72  genes are strongly linked to inherited forms of FTD, with C9orf72 being the most common.   When FTD is genetic, just one of these genes is affected. Some mutations are linked to certain FTD subtypes. For instance, MAPT  mutations most often present as bvFTD. GRN  mutations may result in mixed PPA or nonfluent variant PPA. Finally, C9orf72  mutations are linked to bvFTD with unique tendencies for particular symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions. Hope for the Future As research advances, scientists continue to uncover the complex genetic factors that contribute to the various types of Dementia. This knowledge is opening doors to targeted therapies and more personalized prevention strategies and offering hope for a brighter future for those impacted by Dementia. Authors' opinions are not necessarily those of the Dementia Society, Inc. We do not endorse nor guarantee products, comments, suggestions, links, or other forms of the content contained within blog posts that have been provided to us with permission, paid or otherwise. Dementia Society does not provide medical advice. Please consult your doctor. www.DementiaSociety.org Author Bio: Courtney W. Chan  is a Boston-based freelance medical writer. References: ●       Interview with Dr. Anindita Deb, MD , Board-Certified Neurologist (Movement Disorder Specialist), Co-Chief of the Division of Movement Disorders, and Associate Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School. ●       Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What Is Dementia? 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/alzheimers-dementia/about/ . ●       Longitudinal Clinical, Cognitive, and Biomarker Profiles in Dominantly Inherited Versus Sporadic Early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain Communications . 2023.   https://academic.oup.com/braincomms/article/5/6/fcad280/7321528 . ●       Diagnosis and Management of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Fourth Report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology . 2017.   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5496518/ . ●       Genetics of Vascular Dementia – Review from the ICVD Working Group. BMC Medicine . 2017.   https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-017-0813-9 . ●       Nature. 1987: Finding the first Alzheimer’s gene. 2024.  https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02884-7 . ●       UCSF Memory and Aging Center. Familial Alzheimer’s Disease.   https://memory.ucsf.edu/genetics/familial-alzheimer-disease . ●       UCSF Memory and Aging Center. Familial FTD. https://memory.ucsf.edu/genetics/familial-ftd . ●       The Epidemiology of Dementia Associated with Parkinson's Disease. Brain Pathology , 2010. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8094858/ . ●       Frontotemporal Dementia: A Clinical Review. Seminars in Neurology . 2019. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1683379 . ●       Cedars-Sinai. Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/d/dementia-with-lewy-bodies-dlb.html . ●       National Institutes of Health. Genetic study of Lewy body dementia supports ties to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. 2021. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/genetic-study-lewy-body-dementia-supports-ties-alzheimers-parkinsons-diseases . ●       National Institute on Aging. Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Fact Sheet. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-causes-and-risk-factors/alzheimers-disease-genetics-fact-sheet . ●       Harvard Health Publishing. Alzheimer’s in the Family: What You Need to Know. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/alzheimers-in-the-family . ●       National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Lewy Body Dementia. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/lewy-body-dementia . ●       MedlinePlus. 2 Types of Lewy Body Dementia. 2019. https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/2-types-of-lewy-body-dementia . ●       Investigation of the genetic aetiology of Lewy body diseases with and without dementia. Brain Communications. 2024.   https://academic.oup.com/braincomms/article/6/4/fcae190/7685922 . ●       Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: The Vascular Pathology and Complications. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology . 1986. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005072-198601000-00007 . ●       Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Autoimmune Diseases in ALS Patients Linked to Genetic Mutation. https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/autoimmune-diseases-in-als-patients-linked-to-genetic-mutation/ . ●       Amyloid precursor protein processing and Alzheimer's disease. Annual Review of Neuroscience . 2011. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3174086/ . ●       UCSF Memory and Aging Center. Frontotemporal Dementia. https://memory.ucsf.edu/frontotemporal-dementia . ●       An update on genetic frontotemporal dementia. Journal of Neurology . 2019. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6647117/ .

Answer to the Riddle: "e"

Click here to go to the magazine.